The History of the Blue Hen Chicken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of the Blue Hen Chicken - Essay Example Ben Botkin (1938) stated, every group bound together or by common interests and purposes, whether educated or uneducated, rural or urban, possesses a body of traditions which may be called its folklore. Into these traditions enter many elements, individuals, popular, and even â€Å"literary,† but all are absorbed and assimilated through repetition and variation into a pattern which has value and continuity for the group as a whole. (New York Folklore Society, 2009) Knowledge, information, inspirations and traditions are transferred to people through sharing and informal exchange of ideas and stories. Folklores symbolize the identity and meaning of a certain culture and the past exchange of such information. Delmarva has got rich culture and past giving rise to numerous folklores and legends. Delmarva is a large peninsula located on the East Coast of United States of America. It is occupied by Delaware and portions of Virginia and Maryland. Delaware is divided into three counties; New Castle in north, Sussex in south and Kent in center of Delaware. General Assembly of Delaware officially adopted â€Å"Blue Hen Chicken† as state bird on 14th April 1939.Historical events of Delaware are associated with blue hen chicken during Revolutionary War which gave them an edge over other esthetically beautiful birds, for example, scarlet Cardinal. Before its adoption as state bird, it was unofficially used as a symbol in campaigning for political reasons. Now, the University of Delaware mascot is modeled after this bird and also recognized as YoUDee. The state bird, Blue hen, is a breed of rooster with blue feathers. However, only about half of the chickens have blue feathers, others may have black or white. It is a local and not very recognized breed as it goes back to the pioneers of Delaware. University of Delaware arranges organized breeding for them and has for its mascot the Fighting Blue Hens (Howard, 2007). In some cases, it is

Database Modeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database Modeling - Essay Example It might be important to have alternative contact addresses for students in case of unexpected situations. Therefore, in order to cater for such a situation, we need to create additional tables to handle the addresses. One table named email-address will contain the following fields: id, email address and student-id. Likewise, another table named phone-number will be created containing the following fields: id, phone number, and student-id. Finally, another table will be street-details. This table will have the following fields: id, street-name, city-name, state, and student-id. The four tables created to satisfy the requirements of 1NF. They are also in 2NF since they do not contain any partial dependencies. All fields in each table are uniquely reliant on the respective primary key as 2NF requires (Buxton, 2009). The four tables also fulfill the requirements of 3Nf since all fields present depend on the primary key for their values. The next table that requires normalization is named course-information. This table contains the following fields: Course-Id, course-title, and course credit. This table is already in first normal form since it does not contain multi-valued fields. This table also fulfills the requirements of 2NF since all fields in the table rely uniquely on the primary key. This table also fulfills the requirements of 3NF since each field in that table is dependent on the primary key. The last thing now is to create a relationship between a student and the courses that they take. This can be done by employing a many to many relationships between student-information table and course-information table. In order to accomplish this relationship, another table is required.  

Teenage Sleep Deprivation Impact

Teenage Sleep Deprivation Impact Dont you just hate it when youre in the middle of teaching your class to look over and see about half of your students heads down, drooling away during precious learning time? As a student Ive wondered what goes on in students minds that barely receive sleep. Sleep deprivation is a common problem for teenage students ranging from the ages of 13 to 19. Sleep deprivation is defined as a general lack of the necessary amount of sleep that a person needs. An average teen needs approximately 8 to 9 hours of sleep each night for the best academic and physical performance during school hours. Studies show that teens on and average are getting between 6.5 and 7.3 hours of sleep. Teenage students that choose to stay up late on school nights are usually the ones who end up falling asleep in class, and the result is missing an important lesson of the day. This is just one example of the problems a sleep-deprived student could face. This leads to my thesis that sleep deprivation is a serious problem in the teen-aged world, in terms of schools. Behavior problems, Understanding, memory, cognition (the process of thought), motor functions, Alertness are effects sleep deprived teens may undergo. The affects of sleep deprivation on a teenage body can affect the ability to function at school. Studies showed that Sleep deprivation can affect mood/behavior, learning, performance (physically), attention (being focused), and cause health issues.(Teens, Sleep and School).Too little sleep may cause exhaustion or fatigue (an overall feeling of deep tiredness or lack of energy) which can lead deprived student to have mood swings and behavioral problems, such as crying for no reason or losing their temper over small things. It is necessary for teens to get enough sleep on a daily bases in order to function properly during school. Students have to process information given to them by an instructor in order to learn. Lack of sleep may cause a teens mind to be distracted and not focused, causing their grades to decline. According to Dr.Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Teens with As on their report cards received an hour of more sleep each night and students who had Ds and Fs on their report cards only had two hours less sleep then the students with As.(The Importance of Sleep for Teens Essay | Student Essays Summary). It is very important to get enough sleep in order for a student to be successful academically and perform in class to the best of their ability. A sleepy persons brain works harder but accomplishes less. Sleep can be characterized as food for the brain. According to Jim Horne, PhD, director of the sleep research laboratory at Loughborough University in England, the part of the brain that overworks in the sleep-deprived people normally is one of the most active areas of the brain (Horne). Complex functions involved, verbal fluency, planning, paying attention, dealing with situations such as, group participations, activities, fights and group discussions. Jim Horne also includes, what seems to be happening is that the functional part of the brain appears to be working even harder during compensation because performance shows deterioration (Horne) a sleep-deprived person cannot perform physical and mental tasks as well as a person who is well rested. (Lack of Sleep Takes Toll on Brain Power) James B. Maas is a Professor in Psychology, Education and Communication at Cornell University. Dr. Maas is also one of the nations most sought after corporate speakers. He received his B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) from Williams College and his M.A. (Master of Arts) and Ph.D. from Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Maas researches on sleep and performance, as well as on leadership and critical thinking. (Maas) What good does it do to try to educate teen-agers so early in the morning? Dr. Maas asks. You can be giving the most stimulating, interesting lectures to sleep-deprived kids early in the morning or right after lunch, when theyre at their sleepiest, and the overwhelming drive to sleep replaces any chance of alertness, cognition, memory or understanding.(Maas) Dr. Maas supports later start times at school. According to Maas, teenagers face significant challenges in maintaining healthy sleep routines.(Maas) Dr. Maas took matters in to his own hands, He went out and spoke to school regarding how students can perform better if school start times started later in the morning. Deerfield Academy was one of the schools that Dr. Maas spoke at, a preparatory boarding school in Massachusetts which loved his idea of pushing schools start time back. In Sept. 2007, the school administration began to consider his idea of changing the school schedule. In Oct. 2007, the school voted to decide if it was reasonable. 61 to 27 voted in favor of the plan. The old start time of school 7:55 a.m. was now moved to 8:30 a.m. Mr. Warsaw a teacher who taught at Deerfield Academy stated that, Students of first-period classes are more vibrant and discussions now began at the opening bell instead of half-way through the class,(Warsaw).Deerfield Academy decided to mainta in the later start schedule. Delaying school start times is one solution for solving the problem for students who are unable to stay steadily awake in class due to sleep deprivation. (Sleep deprivation-Undermining Teen Health) Sleep deprivation can also affect you out of school. Sleep deprivation can have the same affect behind the wheel as drunk driving. By the time teens reach high school, most would be already driving during the junior and senior year. REM sleep plays roles linked to being drunk which leads to car accidents. Researchers in Australia and New Zealand found that people who drive after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a (B.A.L.) blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent. There studies also show that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involve sleep deprivation. In a survey taken by teens reported that more than half has operated a car drowsy. According to the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration more than 100,000 accidents, 40,000 injuries, and 1,500 people are killed in the U.S. every year due to crashes by drivers who are sleepy. A sleep-deprived teen can be characterized as drunken teen, results can also be fatal when driving drowsy. (Sleep deprivation as bad as alcohol impairment). In 2009 Braeshaun Jackson, 19, graduate from Laguna Creek High School was involved in a fatal car incident .He died in a wreck at the intersection of Whitlock Parkway and Shana Way due to driving sleepy.(Ruffin) According to M. Suzanne Stevens, MD (medical Doctor), Assistant Clinical Professor, from the University of Kansas, Sleep is controlled by neurotransmitters, which act on different neurons in the brain. Some, such as serotonin and norephine which keep the brain active while were awake. Adenosine (plays a role in promoting sleep) builds up in our blood while we are awake and breakdown of it causes drowsiness (Stevens). She also includes that there are five stages of sleep and REM (Rapid Eye Movement). During stages 1-4 of sleep, our brain waves become slower and slower until we switch to REM sleep. At that point, our breathing is more rapid and irregular and our eyes move rapidly under our eyelids (Stevens).REM sleep occurs when we are at a stage of being close to falling asleep, it can be characterized as skeletal muscle twitches or a feeling of low-voltage signals. Before you enter REM sleep a feeling of drowsiness occurs. Two characteristics that may be noticeable when REM sleep is taking place are the dilation of pupils and an increase respiratory rate. Sleep deprivation can also negatively impact physiology that is critical for athletic performance. Athletes can suffer from the loss of sleep/sleep deprivation. Impairments include athletes motor functions, and the inability to control all aspects of muscular movement fully. Examples include races such as sprints, as well as hurdles, which depend on a combination of power and striding over hurdles, or sports where the athletes must coordinate movements rapidly such as ball-sports. Another impairment that an athlete can be affected by is ones visual reaction time. Sports is mainly about reaction time and how one reacts to an object such as in the sport of baseball, where the batter has to be able to hit a 80-95 mph ball with success or in hockey where the goaltender has to be able to stop the fast moving puck from getting in the goal. Sleep deprivation also causes delays in an athletes auditory reaction, such as the reaction to a start of a pistol. Auditory reaction is how fast a person can respond by hearing or in sports were teammates are alerted by loud commands, an example would be the loud pistol to signal the start of a race with no delay in reaction time or when a conversation is going on were one out of the 3 person is slowest to respond. Glucose is compared as fuel for our body; it is the primary source of energy for the brain and also influences psychological processes. It is estimated that glucose metabolism will deteriorate in a period of seven to 10 days of limited sleep by as much as 30% to 40%. This condition will impair the ability of the body to properly store the glycogen necessary to provide the body with reserves to use during intense training or competition. (Sleep Deprivation and Sports Performance) Eve Van Cauter, Ph.D. from the University of Chicago Medical School, studied the effects of three different durations of sleep in 12 young men ages 17 to 22. For the first three nights of the study, the men slept eight hours per night; for the next six nights, they slept four hours per night; for the last seven nights, they slept 12 hours per night. Results showed that after four hours of sleep per night (the sleep deprivation period), they metabolized glucose least efficiently. Levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) were also higher during sleep deprivation periods, which have been linked to memory impairment, age-related insulin resistance, and impaired recovery in athletes.(Cauter) Eve Van Cauter also said that, after only one week of sleep restriction, young, healthy males had glucose levels that were no longer normal and showed a rapid deterioration of the bodys functions. (Cauter) This can reduce the body to have the ability to store glucose properly. His results showed that these young healthy males had glucose similar to those found in the elderly. The strongest opposing argument for sleep deprivation is that students should sleep less if its necessary to get more urgent things done such as an important assignment(s) due the next day or being that a final exam/test is going to be given. Stephanie, a high school graduate (2007) was asked, Should I stay up late studying and doing homework or rest?(Yahoo! Answers) on an online website. Questions were asked randomly by an unknown person(s) and opinions were given. Stephanies opinion was that he/she should stay up late, according to Stephanie you learn more before you sleep (Stephanie), she also includes that that was my technique (Stephanie). What she is saying is that, you can always get your sleep back but cannot re-do a failed exam/test/assignment because you decided to go to sleep a little early so the next day you wouldnt arrive to class sleepy. However without the proper amount of sleep trying to study or get work done is not a good idea, eventually youll fall asleep during c lass. This leaves you unprepared to do what is presented and take an F for the day. Sleeping in late will mentally impact you the next morning leaving you, drowsy, constantly yawing, and distracted because eventually youll try to think of ways to stay awake in class. The best suggestion is to study/do home work when your suppose to like student should and not just the night before. The second opposing argument is that some find it easier to sleep later at night and still would not be affected by the loss of sleep. According to a college student Ive always been a night owl.(student) A night owl is characterized as a person who says up late a night like an owl dose. She found it easier not to go to bed at all some nights than to get up early in the morning for class or work. She also includes that It was always easier to stay up late to finish (or start) my work than it was to get up early.(student) However staying up to late will take affect on your body when you least expect it, because your body needs to rest and rebuild for the next day. The third opposing argument is that since school starts early in the morning when students cannot mentally focus on studying, studying at night when drowsiness and missing sleep can be eliminated since the student is already mentally up. This gives them a better chance of being able to remember what was being studied the next day. However trying to cram all kinds of information in your brain in one night is not worth it because the next morning youll just forget. Trying to over work your body will make it even more tired the next day. With that being said students should get the regular amount of sleep each night so the next theyll have less of a hassle of dealing with miscommunications. Sleep deprivation is a serious problem in the teen-aged world. Teens get a bad record for staying up late at night, waking up late for school and falling asleep in class. It is necessary for teens to get enough sleep in order for them to function properly during school hours on a daily basis. The effects sleep deprivation on everybody in general can affect learning, performance (physically), attention (being focused), and cause health issues. By not getting the necessary amount of sleep can impair alertness, attention span, reaction time, awareness of the environment, concentration, Loss of motivation and fixating (stalling) on one thought. Some suggestions that can help prevent sleep deprivation is to, go to bed earlier each night, improve sleeping environment by keeping it dark, turning off the television and using relaxation techniques to help you fall asleep quickly.

Network :: essays research papers

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers that can accomplish many important tasks. To define computer networking you should define networks. A network is composed of two or people or objects, using a common language, and they have something to share. In computer networking the two or more objects are the computer or terminal. This can consist; have an IBM 3270 terminal and accompanying mainframe, to a stand-alone computer. The computer is usually an IBM PC personal computer or clone licensed copy of a PC, usually cheaply made. The common language or protocol is necessary for the communicators to be able to understand each other. We take for granted simple things like who talks first, how long they talk, and how to end a conversation. A protocol addresses these and more. The common protocol is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet. Internet is actually the short form of the word Internet work. Internet work means a network of n etworks. At one time, all of the different networks used different protocols. A user could talk to others on their network, but not to someone on a different network. The protocol TCP/IP solves this problem. It is what allows a person on one network to communicate with a person on a different network. When I mentioned something to share in the network definition, it can be anything, an idea, document, or greeting. Networking allows use of applications on other computers, electronic mail (email), and real time discussions in chat rooms. The types of networks are classified as distributive or centralized. In a centralized network, processing occurs at one place and requests are made of the processing from terminals. A mainframe computer with attached terminals is a great example of centralized network. The terminals communicate with the mainframe to accomplish tasks. A distributive network spreads processing power to the individual computers. Networked PCs are a great example. Tasks are accomplished at the computer and at other computers using communication. In the definition of a network the computer hardware is considered part of the user in this definition. The hardware used to connect to other computers is considered part of the protocol.

Evaluation of the iPhone 5S

In the first 24 hours of the launch on September 20, 2013, Apple Inc. sold 2,750,000 iPhone 5s'. The Apple iPhone is the top sold smartphone and is continuing to control the market. The iPhone 5s is a very respected and prominent product, it is used by millions of people for many tasks like work and school. There are few things that stand out to me that I have chosen for the iPhone 5s to evaluate it in: Design, Technology, Software, and the App Store. I believe that the iPhone 5s proves itself in all of these categories, and many people would agree with me, as well as disagree.The design plays a huge role in cell phones, it has to grasp the buyers attention and make them want the product just by looking at it or by watching someone use it. The iPhone 5s does this really well, Apple engineers and designers managed to compress the technologies they made inside a space that’s a mere 7.6 millimeters thin and 112 grams light. This redesign resulted in an incredibly thin, impressive ly light, extraordinarily powerful smartphone. The engineering challenge was significant, but they succeeded in adding more to it without making iPhone 5s bigger or heavier.The iPhone began with something perfectly simple, your finger. And now Apple took touch to the next possible place with Touch ID, the fingerprint identity sensor. Your fingerprint is the perfect password, you always have it with you and no one can ever guess what it is. But beyond that, it just made sense that your phone should recognize you. It should learn you, not require you to memorize and enter passwords in order to use it. Apple also put the sensor in the best place possible, where you most commonly rest your thumb, on the Home button. It is amazing how Apple increased the speed of the iPhone 5s without decreasing the battery life, in fact, they increased the battery life.This is all true because Apple engineered a new processing chip. The A7 chip is designed around 64-bit architecture, which is a first fo r any smartphone. The move to 64-bit chip made it possible for desktop-class processing power in the palm of people’s hands. The A7 chip gives iPhone 5s the power it needs for all the capabilities it now has. It’s up to 2x faster than the previous generation in both CPU and graphics performance, it has an all-new image signal processor, and it supports OpenGL ES 3.0, which enables visual effects previously possible only on computers and gaming consoles.Even with all these performance enhancements,  A7 is still energy efficient.The new M7 coprocessor is designed to make iPhone 5s even more efficient. It offloads work from the A7 chip by collecting motion data, then Apps can use this data without constantly using the A7 chip. Because M7 is engineered for this specific task, it uses significantly less power than A7 would require, so battery life is spared.Another big role in cell phones is its features, the more there are, the more appealing it is. Apple is an outstandi ng contender in this specific criterion because they make their own advanced technology, which adds many cool feature. The iPhone 5s is precision crafted down to the micron. It has a beautiful aluminum housing, very sleek metal and glass, sapphire crystal in the Home button and more sapphire crystal protecting the iSight camera. Design and construction of this level is unmatched so the iPhone 5s looks and feels unbelievably thin and light. It is also available in three elegant colors: gold, silver, and space gray.The most prominent feature of them all is the Touch ID allowing you to use your fingerprint for your password. The iPhone 5s features advanced technologies custom designed for the iSight camera’s hardware and software. Some of these features include: larger pixels, larger sensor, continuous burst mode, true tone flash, auto image stabilization, slow motion video, live video zoom, square photos, panorama photos, and photo filters. Another cool feature is FaceTime, whi ch allows you to video chat with anyone with an Apple product anywhere in the world.The iPhone 5s' LTE is ultrafast allowing it to download and upload data at unimaginable speeds, the iPhone 5s has the fastest LTE speed for any smartphone. The App Store is a fabulous feature, it is easy and fun to use. When downloading an app, all you have to do is scan your finger on the home button and voila, it starts downloading. iCloud is a great feature because it allows you to have everything you need, anywhere you need it. iCloud allows you to have the same data between different Apple devices, which comes in handy for school if you forget something on your iPad so you can bring it up on your iPhone.Software is very important for any smartphone, and with the iPhone 5s, comes iOS 7. iOS 7 is made by Apple Inc.'s workers. They made it simpler, more useful, and more enjoyable while making it instantly familiar. Apple made  iOS 7 very simple and beautiful, they offer the right things, in the r ight place, at the right time. It seems as if it â€Å"just works† all the time, when you pick it up you already know how to use it, that's simplicity. It makes sense why they put certain features in, they put it in when it's truly useful, like the notification center or the control center.It becomes more to you than just a device, iOS 7 invites that kind of connection. Interactions are dynamic, and animations are cinematic. The experience is lively and spirited in so many different ways you wouldn't have expected. Open the Weather app, for example, and you’ll instantly understand. Hail bounces off text, and fog passes in front of it. Storm clouds come into view with a flash of lightning. Suddenly, checking the weather is like looking out a window. iOs 7 also adds a sense of dimension with several layers on the screen tilting according to how you hold it.Apps are a very important part of Apple. It makes for a great experience and fun to use with it's built in apps made by Apple. The built in apps consist of Camera, Photos, Music, Safari, Maps, Siri, Phone, FaceTime, etc. There are a total of 39 built in apps that are great from music to school. The App Store has the best selection of mobile apps, from Apple and third-party developers and they’re all designed specifically for iPhone. The more apps you download, the more you’ll realize your iPhone can do just about anything you can imagine. You can easily find apps that are relevant to your current location and browse categories of apps based on your child’s age and let the App Store update all your apps for you.Purchasing apps is now as easy as placing your finger on your iPhone. Say there’s an app you’re ready to download, with Touch ID, you simply touch the fingerprint identity sensor on the Home button, and in an instant, the App Store recognizes you and approves your transaction. So you don't need to type your Apple ID or remember your password anymore, which is amazingly easy. Shopping in the App Store is a great experience too because it’s easy to find the apps you want, and to discover new apps you didn’t even know you wanted. Browse freely by category, or shop collections of apps and games handpicked by experts. Apple reviews everything on the App Store to guard against malware, so you’re buying and downloading from a trusted source.Overall, the iPhone 5s has a great design, it has many amazing, new features, it's new software is simple and â€Å"just works† and it has plenty of apps made just for the iPhone and its technological abilities. The iPhone 5s, in my opinion, not only meets, but exceeds the criteria for a good smartphone. It is the fastest, most luxurious, easiest to use, and most technologically advanced phone on the market today.

Mad Men Sociological / Semiotic Analysis

Every so often there is a television program that attracts a large audience because it is brilliantly written and entertaining. One of the most recent television shows to do this has been Mad Men. The show revolves around an advertising agency in the 1960’s and it’s key players in the company, more specifically Don Draper. Being set in the 1960’s, it is important to do both a sociological and semiotic analysis of the show. Society and human interactions have changed dramatically over the past fifty years and while it is a scripted television show and not a documentary, the drama prides itself on paying close attention to details and keeping everything true to the time period. It would be interesting and informative to do an analysis comparing the 1960’s shown in Mad Men to today’s society. Likewise, with the characters and their clothing, subtle symbols give away clues about who they are and what they’re going through as the show goes on. Semiotics are important to take note of in every context in order to truly understand whatever you’re trying to critically understand or analyze. In the 1960’s society was vastly different that it is today. It was a turning point in American history and dealt with a lot of sensitive issues that are still linger around today although they aren’t as prominent as they once were. This is reflected in the society that is built in the show Mad Men, namely the Sterling Cooper society. Sterling Cooper is the advertising agency that the show revolves around; in Sterling Cooper there is anything you would find in a larger society, such as social norms and bureaucracy. Furthermore, critics realize that â€Å"Mad Men deliberately shocks its audience by presenting as reasonable and commonplace behavior we now find appalling,† (â€Å"The Devil's in the Details,† The Atlantic) which gives us a direct juxtaposition of the Mad Men society and today’s society. In multiple aspects of a sociological analysis, there is always a prime example in the show Mad Men which is only highlighted when trying to look at Mad Men through the lens of today’s societal norms. Durkheim’s theory said that there is a social dimension to how people construct themselves based on their surroundings. That can be seen primarily in the character Peggy Olson. At first, Peggy suffers from alienation. Peggy being from Brooklyn feels disconnected with her co workers. She feels estranged since she's so homely and lives a simple, plain lifestyle compared to the lashy, metropolitan girls around her. She isn't skinny, she wears more modest clothing and isn't throwing herself at her bosses. â€Å"The audience sees Peggy alienate herself from the rest of the girls in the office, often eating lunch alone in the office, ignoring the fashions that the other women wear and refusing the participate in the constant office gossip. As a woman, in the 1960s however, she cannot exactly be one of the boys and therefore she cannot relate to the man either† (Analyzing Mad Men: Critical Essays on the Series, pg 159-160). It takes her a while to figure out where she fits in, and over time she too becomes a flashier version of herself, clearly influenced by the women around her and tries to step out of her comfort zone and into a different kind of lifestyle. Lifestyles are also a very important part of society. Lifestyle covers a person's taste in fashion, cars , entertainment, and other leisure activities which often reflect our socioeconomic class. Peggy was a lowly girl from Brooklyn, which was very much looked down upon by the men and women of Manhattan. She was considered poor, especially when she would bring her own lunch to work instead of buying her food off of the lunch cart like the other secretaries. Her clothing also gave her away in the beginning, her skirts were longer than the other girls, she was always covering up, which won't help attract the bosses in the ways the other secretaries were trying so desperately to do. Peggy would go home and read, or stay at work late if she wanted while other girls were running around on dates or going out trying to find something at a bar. Peggy’s chosen lifestyle is opposite the other women in the show outside of Sterling Cooper, mainly Don Draper’s wife Betty. Don Draper is a very successful, so his wife gets to spend her days looking at art, or riding horses. Their socioeconomic stance allows her to spend her entire day doing leisure activities and not be worried about such trivial things as work. Betty even had a nanny, so as not to over exert herself with cooking dinner and taking care of their children after all that horseback riding. Being a housewife to a successful man, Betty lived a very different lifestyle than the young girls who worked as secretaries. The secretaries in Sterling Cooper created their own small hierarchy which can be viewed as a bureaucracy. Joan is the â€Å"head secretary,† giving her a significant value to both the men and the secretaries. For the most part she decide who gets which secretary, and if changes should be made. She orders the other secretaries to do things and they listen knowing the power she holds behind the scenes (whether or not they know its because she's sleeping with one of the partners is another story). Joan was held in such high regard, even the men of Sterling Cooper would listen to her; mainly because she demanded respect and they were always hoping to impress Joan to hopefully catch her attention. This is also why it becomes so hard for Peggy when Joan begins to resent her for catching the attention of the men in the office not with her body, but with her ideas. Joan was no longer the woman in the office to brag about, but Peggy with her fantastic ideas and later on when she eventually becomes more than just a secretary in the company. While Joan is head of secretaries, Peggy now has her own secretary. Peggy becoming a junior copy-writer went against the anomies or social norms of Sterling Cooper, as well as the rest of society in the 1960’s. Women had just entered the workforce and there wasn’t a huge place for women to do more than secretarial work for the men who were doing the â€Å"real work. † Women were faced with trials and tribulations every day they went to work, ranging from sexual harassment from the men to the glass ceiling they were constantly suffering from. A common social norm found in Mad Men is the unspoken yet well known practice of men sleeping with the secretaries in the office. Don Draper, the main character does it many time throughout this show, with Peggy actually being the exception since he saw there was something more to her. Sterling, Campbell, Draper, all known for their trysts with secretaries around the office. This wouldn't be as readily accepted in today's day and age, and is the reason for a lot of the sexual harrassment laws today; however in the 1950s, and at the fictional Sterling Cooper ad agency, it was the norm. Joan and Peggy are both constantly in this sexist environment but react to is in very different ways. â€Å"Their behavior and comments highlight alternative ways that women behave. Joan rises to the occasion, showing off her femininity in poses, smiles, and comments. Peggy, on the other hand, is a woman who enjoys looking pretty, but she is also a thinker who seems to understand the objectification that is taking place† (Mad Men: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Sexuality, and Class; William M. O’Barr). Joan was a powerful and intelligent woman, but would ever be seen as more than that. Peggy, however, masked her sexuality well enough to have the men see past the fact she was a woman and actually give her a chance to become something more than a secretary. However, the fact that a woman had to virtually deny the fact she was a woman in order to get to a more prominent position in her workplace highlights the sexist attitude of corporate America in the 1960s. Among sexist attit udes in the workplace, there were plenty of other social norms that are highlighted in Mad Men. The constant drinking and smoking are seen as shocking in a society that has banned smoking from virtually everywhere including certain outdoor areas and have constant reminders to drink responsibly. Mad Men, paying close attention to detail, constantly has the men walk into their offices and pour a drink almost religiously on the show. Even if the drink is a minute detail of the scene, they make sure it happens, because that’s how it would’ve been in the 1960s. There is also smoking everywhere, in the elevators, in restaurants, in the offices, everywhere. Ironically, one of the biggest issues of the time period is skirted around in Mad Men. In the 1960's race was a very prominent subject that carried a lot of tension with it. There was no equality in the workplace and African American's were primarily kept to service jobs like waiters, door men, etc. In one episode it was a big deal that a client was Jewish. It was such a big deal they searched the whole company to find another Jewish man to sit in on the meeting and make their client feel more welcome. They found only one young Jewish man working in the depths of the art department. In another episode, Pete Campbell, a junior account manager makes a point that a certain television brand was being bought by mostly African Americans in the south and suggested placing ads in magazines that were directed towards them. This was aggressively dismissed since the agency felt their client wouldn’t want to be so closely associated with being the brand African Americans’ choose. One of the more important characters in later seasons, Lane, who is originally from England, is having an affair with a black woman and refuses to return to England. His father promptly punches him in the gut and informs him that it was not a request and they are leaving back to England immediately. The idea of his son being with a black woman was simply intolerable to the British man, he wouldn’t even object, he simply pretended it didn’t exist. Just like that, in one episode an interracial relationship was created and destroyed. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and how they create meaning in society, this plays a large part in Mad Men. The show’s creator, Matthew Weiner has made sure that attention to detail is not only meticulous, but the details help tell the story much like they would in actual society. â€Å"The pattern of a necktie, the club frequented, the restaurant patronized, the shopping bag carried, the prep school attended, together with a thousand other details, signify minute social distinctions, and reveal and even define character† (â€Å"The Devil's in the Details. † The Atlantic). If the viewer is paying close attention, they will notice that as the week goes on the characters wardrobe and hair styles become more worn. The easiest example of semiotics is to compare the three main women in the show: Betty Draper, Don Draper’s wife; Joan Holloway, the head secretary; and Peggy Olson, ambitious secretary turn copy-writer. Betty Draper is the definition of trophy wife and is coded as thus. She is a blonde hair, blue eyed woman who used to be a model and gave it all up to be a housewife once she was swept away by main character Don Draper. She is always looking neat and proper, with her hair in fancy hair-dos and her flowery dresses she is littered in signs that depict her as a stereotypical 50’s housewife. Betty is undoubtedly a loving mother and wife, she is also innocent, timid and submissive when it comes to her husband, whatever he says, goes. However, as her marriage begins to crumble, she begins to change in all aspects. Her hobbies begin to change from redecorating her house to finding things to do outside of the house like horseback riding. When Betty has a moment of aggressiveness, whether it’s towards her neighbor or while lashing out at her husband, she is usually seen wearing pants. It’s almost as if her wardrobe is letting viewers see her changes as its happening, not only in her actions, but in her choice of clothing. Joan Holloway, later known as Joan Harris is almost the complete opposite of Betty Draper in every way imaginable. Joan is the head secretary, and she is purposely coded with fiercely sexual signs such as being a red-head and very curvaceous. She fulfills her signs’ connotations by coquettishly and sometimes aggressively flaunting her confidence and dominance in everything she does. She dresses very provocatively and is always wearing a very long necklace. She is supposed to be viewed as the office vixen and her clothing doesn’t let you forget her role in Sterling Cooper. Once Joan is married and becomes Mrs. Harris, she quits her job as most women did in the 1960’s. She trades in her tight dresses for a more modest wardrobe of jeans and t-shirts and plainer dresses as she tries to enter the role as housewife. Joan becomes much less glamorous and more homely as time goes on; you can begin to see this new lifestyles wearing on the once fierce and flawless woman. The third distinctive woman on Mad Men is Peggy Olson. Peggy is coded as having a lower socioeconomic status than the rest which is signified by her clothing early on in the series; her clothes are plain and homely. She covers herself in sweaters and long dresses and skirts that aren’t form fitting like the other secretaries in the office. She doesn’t wear much make-up, her brunette plain hair is usually in a childish pony tail; signifying both her innocence and lack of time spent on the superficial since she feels her thoughts should be geared towards more important things. However, once she begins finding her place her attire begins to conform to the metropolitan atmosphere. Her confidence is exuding from her character, and the audience can see it in her new found sense of style. Her skirts get shorter (but never too short), her choice in clothing gets more sophisticated and bold. Her childish ponytail is gone; Peggy’s new hair is shorter with bangs off to the side. Peggy has gone through a major transition and is now coded as being a confident, intelligent woman that can hold her own in a man’s world without using her body by simply changing her clothing and hair style. Mad Men is an exceptional show that pays very close attention to historical accuracies and character details with a meticulous manner. While most audiences won’t pick up on the fact that the women’s hair colors are signifiers of who they are, critically analyzing Mad Men makes the audience aware of the volumes the women’s hair colors say about them. The amount of thought that goes into each character and their individual signs and signifiers, coded and recoding them to reflect their current state is obvious to anyone who takes the time to critically watch the show and appreciate all that goes into it. The writer’s also have a captivating way of taking societal issues of the times and conveying them to the audience with the same gravity they had back then, despite the audience watching it through the lens of today’s society. All the sensitive subjects of race, class, sexes are shown with the same directness as any other societal norm that was found in the 1960s that might not be as welcomed today. An artifact that is dedicated to reflecting on the past in the present while using every possibly detail available to convey messages and stories deserves to be recognized for all the hard work that is put into it. Bibliography O'Barr, William M. â€Å"Mad Men: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Sexuality, and Class. † Advertising ; Society Review 2011th ser. 11. 4 (2011). Project MUSE. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. ;http://muse. jhu. edu/journals/advertising_and_society_review/v011/11. 4. o-barr. html;. Rogers, Sara. â€Å"The Women of Mad Men. † Analyzing Mad Men: Critical Essays on the Series. By Scott Frederick. Stoddart. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. Print. Schwartz, Benjamin. â€Å"The Devil's in the Details† The Atlantic November (2009): 91-98. Print. Berger, Arthur Asa. Media Analysis Techniques. London: SAGE, 2011. Print.

Who Needs an Equal Rights Amendment You do essays

Who Needs an Equal Rights Amendment You do essays a. Since current sex discrimination laws are not based on constitutional amendments, are poorly enforced and are subject to interpretation. An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution is the only way to ensure the consistent enforcement of laws protecting the rights of women. b. Since there is no Constitutional protection for women are underpaid in regards to men in similar positions. An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution would end the underpaid and undervalued status of women in the workforce. c. Since Laws to protect women from discrimination due to pregnancy are not protected by a constitutional amendment. An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution would guarantee the integrity of a women's body unto herself. d. Since elderly women are economically discriminated against due to both their sex and economic situations. An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution would protect against sex discrimination in pensions, insurance and social security. e. Since discrimination against people due to their sex occurs in many basic areas. There is not an amendment protecting the rights of an individual regardless of sexual orientation. An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution would protect against discrimination due to sexual orientation. a. Since...Laws to prevent sex discrimination are ephemeral, or short-lived And...hard won laws against sex discrimination do not rest on strong Constitutional foundation And...current laws contain loopholes, are misinterpreted and ignored And...current laws may be weakened by amendment or repealed Therefore...An Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution is the only way to ensure the consistent enforcement of laws protecting the rights of women. b. Since...Women are discriminated against in the workforce And...women still remain underpaid in comparison to their male counterparts in identical jobs And...federal laws do not address issues of pay equity for compar...

How to Pass the ACT Expert Guide

How to Pass the ACT Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s so much info out there about doing well on the ACT - a lot of it is really helpful when it comes to preparing for the test! But this onslaught of information can get pretty overwhelming, especially when you just want a simple answer to a simple question: how do you pass the ACT? What Does It Mean to â€Å"Pass† the ACT? On this test, there’s only a range of possible scores - what constitutes an excellent, poor, or average score will depend heavily on your frame of reference. Ultimately, what defines a passing ACT score is thatit’s high enough to get you into the colleges you’re applying to. This obviously varies widely by student. Your ACT score doesn’t have to be perfect for you to â€Å"pass† (although it never, ever hurts to bring up your score) - it just has to be good enough. Now, this gets a bit complicated because your ACT score is not the only part of your college applications. If your ACT score is particularly low, however, college admissions officers may have higher expectations for other parts of your app (e.g. GPA, extracurriculars). If your score is low enough, your application may get tossed out even if the rest of your app is strong. For the sake of this post, then, I’m going to define a â€Å"passing† ACT score as one that won’t get your application tossed out. Ideally, however, your ACT score will be one that helps (instead of hurts) your college applications. Keep reading to learn more about how to figure out these score benchmarks for yourself. How to Set an ACT Goal Score Before you learnhow to pass the ACT, you have to figure out what passing means for you. This requiresa bit of legwork: namely, researching what ACT scores are correlated with acceptance at the schools you’re interested in. Here’s how you do it: Make a Preliminary List of Schools This doesn’t have to be a final, polished list, but 8-10 schools you’re interested in is a good place to start. Try to select mostly â€Å"target† schools - colleges where you think you’d have a fairly good chance of getting in. You can include 2-3 â€Å"safety† schools and 2-3 â€Å"reach† schools as well, as long as you maintain balance here. Too many safety schools and you might set a target score that’s too low. Too many reach schools and you might set a target score that’s unreasonably, and discouragingly, high. The first time you do this, you may not have a good idea of what schools you’d identify as reach, target, and safety. That’s ok! In fact, it’s kind of the point of this exercise. You can repeat it as many times as necessary throughout the college process, adjusting your list of schools as you go. Look Up Each School’s ACT Info Start by Googling â€Å"PrepScholar [name of school] ACT score.† The first non-ad link that comes up should be the one you want - see below for an example. The first search result here is the one you want. The page will have the average ACT score and the 25th/75th percentile scores for students accepted to that particular school. Take down these numbers for each school. 25th percentile score = 25% of students at the school have an ACT score at or below that number 75th percentile score = 75% of students at the school have an ACT score at or below that number Students with 75th percentile scores or above for a particular school usually have a good shot at getting in, barring any weaknesses or issues with other parts of their application. Students with 25th percentile scores or below usually have other strong application components (e.g. high GPA, great essays) to boost their chances. Set Your Benchmark â€Å"Passing† Score This step is perhaps a bit more subjective, so I’ll be as transparent here as possible. If you want to come to a passing ACT score, you’ll want to look at a school’s 25th percentile ACT scores. This is far from a safe bet, however - your chances of getting in will heavily depend on the strength of the rest of your application if your ACT score is at or around the 25th percentile. If your GPA is lower than average for a particular school, for example, your ACT score would have to be higher in order to make up for it. I think that the best target (read: ideal) ACT score lies at a school’s 75th percentile score. The 75th percentile is a sweet spot because you’d be more competitive (in terms of ACT scores) than  ¾ of students who are accepted to the school. If your typical ACT score is higher than the 75th percentile score, you might want to consider looking at more competitive schools - you want to aim as high as you reasonably can here (more competitive schools often mean better reputations, which tend to lead to better outcomes). Here’s how to set both ideal and â€Å"passing† ACT score benchmarks for yourself: Take the averages of the scores you collected for each school. First the average of the 25th percentile scores, then the average of the 75th percentile scores. The 25th percentile average is your â€Å"passing† goal score - the minimum you should be aiming for. The 75th percentile score is your target score - the score that has a great chance of getting you accepted to the colleges on your list. What If You’re Worried About Reaching Your Target Score, or Even Your Passing Score? Perhaps these scores you’ve calculated seem higher than you would have expected. If your passing score in particular seems intimidatingly high, there are a few things to keep in mind: Remember that your target score (75th percentile average) is an ideal goal. It’s supposed to be higher than what you’re scoring now (or maybe even what you think you can score). If the 25th percentile benchmark seems too high, consider re-evaluating your list of schools. You might want to look at colleges that are slightly less competitive. Conversely, if you’re already at or above that 75th percentile mark, consider looking at more competitive colleges. Strategies for Passing the ACT I’m going to split this section up into two parts meant for two different types of students: low-scorers and high-scorers. Here, I’m defining score parameters by the national performance standards: high scorers are at about 24 and above (75th percentile nationally), whereas low scorers are at about 16 and below (25th percentile nationally). If your performance is closer to the average (20), check out both sections and follow steps that you find most useful. Your best plan from here will depend on both where you are and where you want to be. How to Pass the ACT: Guidance for Low Scorers One problem that a lot of low-scorers have is that they’re unsure of how to focus their time and energy when studying. Understanding your weaknesses is the first and most important step to tackling ACT prep. The biggest issue for low scorers is often significant gaps in content knowledge, so identifying and filling these gaps is typically a priority for ACT prep. Other mistakes may be due to: Running out of time Misunderstanding the question Running out of time Careless errors So how do you go about identifying where your issues are before taking steps to improve on them? First, you’ll have to invest some time in some serious self-analysis involving a baseline score. You can’t focus on improving before figuring out where you need to improve. Here are best practices for getting a solid baseline and gaining info on your weaknesses: Take a full, timed, diagnostic practice test Take note of which questions you got incorrect Tally the reasons for each incorrect question: Content Gap: Did you not have the information you needed to answer correctly? Timing Issue: Would you have gotten the question correct if you hadn’t run out of time? Question Misunderstanding: Would you have gotten the question correct if the question had been more clear? Careless Error: Would you have gotten the question correct if you had spent an extra couple of seconds checking your work? If you find that content knowledge is your biggest problem, you’ll want to turn to your class notes, textbooks, and ACT prep books for review - not just ACT practice materials. We also have a bunch of ACT content guides to get you started: Ultimate ACT English Study Guide Ultimate ACT Science Study Guide Ultimate ACT Math Study Guide Complete Guide to ACT Writing Once you’ve conquered major content problems, you can hone in on specific content areas and work on careless errors and timing issues. You’ll find tips for addressing those problems in the next section. How to Pass the ACT: Guidance for High Scorers If you’re a relatively high scorer, you probably have a general idea of where your major strengths and weaknesses are on the ACT. You’re likely pretty strong on content overall, unlike the typical low scorer. High scorers usually lose points due to three issues: Carelessness: loss of focus leading to silly mistakes Timing problems: you simply run out of time to give each question its due Content gaps: small areas of knowledge that you haven’t mastered 100% If you want to get close to that ideal score, you’ll want to attack each of these potential issues. I’ll address each of these problems in this section, but you may want to check out our detailed guide for high scorers for more info. Carelessness It’s pretty easy to identify a question you’ve missed due to carelessness. You get that horrible feeling when you recognize that you would have gotten the question right, if only you’d paid a tiny bit more attention. Careless mistakes often occur when students aren’t actively reading. Start focusing your attention with these tips: Double-read each question and underline important words. Take notes on passages. In the math section, mark up diagrams with important info and write out your arithmetic. Double- check your answer before marking it down. Timing Issues Running out of time at the end of sections? First, spend less time on easy questions - just keep an eye out for those careless errors. Next, skip tough questions and come back to them later. This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t guess if you’re out of time (there’s no guessing penalty, so you should definitely guess). If you’ve still got plenty of time to work through the section, though, mark the problem question and come back to it later. Timing issues can stress out pretty much everyone, but with practice, you can learn to overcome them. Filling in Content Gaps Your first task here is identifying which questions you get wrong in your practice, and more importantly, why you get them wrong. This means going over all your mistakes after each practice session. Keep a careful tally of each content area every time you identify an error (hint: most content errors happen on the math section). Use your class notes, textbooks, or reliable ACT prep book to review this content. Come back and do more practice problems in this area until you’re confident in your understanding. What You Must Remember About How to Pass the ACT There might not be an official ACT passing score, but that somehow seems to make things more complicated. What you might consider passing will depend on the sorts of schools you hope to get into, but I hope you think more in terms of target or goal scores than just â€Å"good enough† scores. If you’re worried that your ACT scores aren’t up to par, don’t worry just yet - there are tons of things you can do to bring them up, no matter where you might be on the percentile charts. What matters most when setting a passing score are the goals you set for yourself. What’s Next? There are a lot of helpful materials available if you’re worried about â€Å"passing† the ACT. For an overview, read our guide with the four best tips for studying for the test. If you need a fun, refreshing way to study, learn about the five best ACT prep games. Maybe you’re looking for more detailed information. If that’s the case, check out our 10-step ACT study plan. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The History of Bogota, Colombia

The History of Bogota, Colombia Santa Fe de Bogot is the capital of Colombia. The city was founded by the Muisca people long before the arrival of the Spanish, who established their own city there. An important city during the colonial era, it was the seat of the Viceroy of New Granada. After independence, Bogota was the capital of first the Republic of New Granada and then Colombia. The city has occupied a central place in Colombias long and turbulent history. The Pre-Colombian Era Before the arrival of the Spanish into the region, the Muisca people lived on the plateau where modern-day Bogot is located. The Muisca capital was a prosperous town called Muequet. From there, the King, referred to as the zipa, ruled the Muisca civilization in an uneasy alliance with the zaque, ruler of a nearby city on the site of present-day Tunja. The zaque was nominally subordinate to the zipa, but in fact the two rulers often clashed. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish in 1537 in the form of the Gonzalo Jimà ©nez de Quesada expedition, the zipa of Muequet was named Bogot and the zaque was Tunja: both men would give their names to the cities the Spanish founded on the ruins of their homes. The Conquest of the Muisca Quesada, who had been exploring overland from Santa Marta since 1536, arrived in January of 1537 at the head of 166 conquistadors. The invaders were able to take the zaque Tunja by surprise and easily made off with the treasures of that half of the kingdom of the Muisca. Zipa Bogot proved more troublesome. The Muisca chief fought the Spanish for months, never accepting any of Quesadas offers to surrender. When Bogot was killed in battle by a Spanish crossbow, the conquest of the Muisca was not long in coming. Quesada founded the city of Santa Fà © on the ruins of Muequet on August 6, 1538. Bogot in the Colonial Era For a number of reasons, Bogot quickly became an important city in the region, which the Spanish referred to as New Granada. There was already some infrastructure in the city and plateau, the climate agreed with the Spanish and there were plenty of natives who could be forced to do all the work. On April 7, 1550, the city became a Real Audiencia, or Royal Audience: this means that it became an official outpost of the Spanish Empire and citizens could resolve legal disputes there. In 1553 the city became home to its first Archbishop. In 1717, New Granada - and Bogot in particular - had grown enough that it was named a Viceroyalty, putting it on a par with Peru and Mexico. This was a big deal, as the Viceroy acted with all of the authority of the King himself and could make very important decisions alone without consulting Spain. Independence and the Patria Boba On July 20, 1810, patriots in Bogot declared their independence by taking to the streets and demanding the Viceroy step down. This date is still celebrated as Colombias Independence Day. For the next five years or so, Creole patriots fought mainly among themselves, giving the era its nickname Patria Boba, or Foolish Homeland. Bogot was retaken by the Spanish and a new Viceroy was installed, who initiated a reign of terror, tracking down and executing suspected patriots. Among them was Policarpa Salavarrieta, a young woman who passed information to the patriots. She was captured and executed in Bogot in November 1817. Bogot remained in Spanish hands until 1819, when Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Francisco de Paula Santander liberated the city following the decisive Battle of Boyac. Bolivar and Gran Colombia Following liberation in 1819, creoles set up a government for the Republic of Colombia. It would later be known as Gran Colombia to distinguish it politically from present-day Colombia. The capital moved from Angostura to Cà ºcuta and, in 1821, to Bogot. The nation included present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador. The nation was unwieldy, however: geographical obstacles made communication extremely difficult and by 1825 the republic began to fall apart. In 1828, Bolà ­var narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in Bogot: Santander himself was implicated. Venezuela and Ecuador separated from Colombia. In 1830, Antonio Josà © de Sucre and Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the only two men who might have saved the republic, both died, essentially putting an end to Gran Colombia. Republic of New Granada Bogot became the capital of the Republic of New Granada, and Santander became its first president. The young republic was plagued by a number of serious problems. Due to the wars of independence and failure of Gran Colombia, the Republic of New Granada began its life deep in debt. Unemployment was high and a major bank crash in 1841 only made things worse. Civil strife was common: in 1833 the government was nearly toppled by a rebellion led by General Josà © Sard. In 1840 an all-out civil war broke out when General Josà © Marà ­a Obando tried to take over the government. Not all was bad: the people of Bogot began printing books and newspapers with materials produced locally, the first  Daguerreotypes  in Bogot were taken and a law unifying the currency used in the nation helped end confusion and uncertainty. The Thousand Days War Colombia was torn apart by a Civil War referred to as the  Thousand Days War  from 1899 to 1902. The war pitted liberals, who felt they had unfairly lost an election, against conservatives. During the war, Bogot was firmly in the hands of the conservative government and although the fighting got close, Bogot itself did not see any strife. Still, the people suffered as the country was in tatters after the war. The Bogotazo and La Violencia On April 9, 1948, presidential candidate Jorge Elià ©cer Gaitn was gunned down outside of his office in Bogot. The people of Bogot, many of whom had seen him as a savior, went berserk, kicking off one of the worst riots in history. The  Bogotazo,  as it is known, lasted into the night, and government buildings, schools,  churches, and businesses were destroyed. Some 3,000 people were killed. Informal markets sprung up outside of town where people bought and sold stolen items. When the dust had finally settled, the city was in ruins. The Bogotazo is also the informal beginning of the period known as La Violencia, a ten-year reign of terror which saw paramilitary organizations sponsored by political parties and ideologies take to the streets at night, murdering and torturing their rivals. Bogot and the Drug Lords During the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia was plagued by the twin evils of drug trafficking and revolutionaries. In Medellà ­n, legendary drug lord  Pablo Escobar  was by far the most powerful man in the country, running a billion-dollar industry. He had rivals in the Cali Cartel, however, and Bogot was often the battleground as these cartels fought the government, the press and one another. In Bogot, journalists, policemen, politicians, judges, and ordinary citizens were murdered on a nearly daily basis. Among the dead in Bogot: Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Minister of Justice  (April  1984), Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Judge  (August  1986) and Guillermo Cano, journalist  (December  1986). The M-19 Attacks The 19th of April Movement, known as the M-19, was a Colombian socialist revolutionary movement determined to overthrow the Colombian government. They were responsible for two infamous attacks in Bogot in the 1980s. On February 27, 1980, the M-19 stormed the Embassy of the Dominican Republic, where a cocktail party was being held. Among those in attendance was the Ambassador of the United States. They held the  diplomats  hostage for 61 days before the standoff was settled. On November 6, 1985, 35 rebels of the M-19 assaulted the Palace of Justice, taking 300 hostages including judges, lawyers and others who worked there. The government decided to storm the palace: in a bloody shootout, more than 100 people were killed, including 11 of 21 Supreme Court Justices. The M-19 eventually disarmed and became a political party. Bogot Today Today, Bogot is a large, bustling, thriving city. Although it still suffers from many ills such as crime, it is much safer than in recent history: traffic is probably a worse daily problem for many of the citys seven million inhabitants. The city is a great place to visit, as it has a little of everything: shopping, fine dining, adventure sports and more. History buffs will want to check out  the July 20 Independence Museum  and  Colombias National Museum. Sources Bushnell, David.  The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself.  University of California Press, 1993.Lynch, John.  Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Santos Molano, Enrique.  Colombia dà ­a a dà ­a: una cronologà ­a de 15,000 aà ±os.  Bogota: Planeta, 2009.Silverberg, Robert.  The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Athens: the Ohio University Press, 1985.

The Public Health and Social Services Research Paper

The Public Health and Social Services - Research Paper Example Public health policies are implemented on a community level on the basis of the need of the local population. In 1914, a study regarding the effect of public health implemented on a national level yielded disappointing result related to solving health issues in the community level, thus, inclusion of other services redefined public health provision. In addition to the immediate treatment of community, legislation includes other important roles which define the modern state of public health. One is the establishment of a local facility within the community that can provide chronic disease prevention and medical care which means that on emergency cases wherein the whole community’s health is at state, the said public health unit has the power to lead and connect to other agencies to resolve the issues. Examples include epidemics or diseases related to different forms of calamities (Turnock, 2011, p.7-9). Included in the important part of the local public health department benchm arks are public health nurses (1 in every 5,000 people), environmental health workers (1 in every 25,000 people), clerical staff (1 in every 15,000 people), and other health professionals such as clinicians, dentists, dental hygienists, lab workers, health educators and others as needed on a part-time basis (NACCHO, 2011, p.4). Another pertinent role of the community public health unit recognized is public research and education, thus, the other benchmarks health professional roles had been included. Inputs on promotion, implementation and amendments of public health policies are also included in the role of the public health unit to ensure continuous improvement of the services related to the health of the public (Turnock,

M Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M - Personal Statement Example That is why a major in communications would be such a valuable asset to me. I know that this is a field that is burgeoning, and that it will be in great demand in years to come. This degree will help me achieve my career goals as a master communicator, both in person and via social media. I really enjoy interacting with people and the degree in communications is going to help me perfect those communication skills even more. My participation in various activities has led me to believe that I’m very interested in other peoples’ stories and their thoughts. What they say matters. Perhaps I could become involved in TV production, become a social media expert, or other types of careers where a communication degree is needed. From what I understand, my interest in communications had begun to develop when I was a very young person. I always had an interest in seeing what other people would say, do, and how they would react to certain information. I think it is this involvement in other peoples’ lives that brought me to the place where I was intrigued by how people interact themselves. This is the essence and the heart of what the communications degree at University of California means to me, and why it is so crucial that I get accepted to this program. I intend to utilize my degree in communications to better peoples’ lives through: my interest in the field; a continued participation in activities that would further my knowledge in the field of communications; and a continued involvement in communications that will shape me into the person I will be in the future. This degree in communications will make me a successful individual in life. Personal Statement #2 Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? The most important contribution I ever made was helping my father; it m ade me proud of who I am, and I believe it demonstrates my strength of character as it relates to the person those actions have made me into who I am today. Every winter when I went back to my country, I have helped my father decide what to do in the future—in terms of making executive decisions about the family business. For example, one time my father was making the decision to open a store. After he opened a supermarket, for example, the next winter I would go back home and help him oversee the business. Whenever there was a new business to open in subsequent winters, I would return to my native country. I would help my Dad choose which location we should use for the new store. We would negotiate rental fees, and resolve issues that were pertinent to the business. Even those are relatively small elements of opening a new store, every decision contributes to the overall success of the business. This makes me extremely proud of my heritage, knowing that I am helping my fathe r to help our own people by giving them choices and opportunities within their communities to make purchases that will help their own families in some way. Being proud of oneself, after all, is not just about what others can do for you. Family pride and community heritage is about what you can do for other people. So, I realize, that in helping my father, I am not only helping himself, but also my family, our community, and last but

Position paper 7 see below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Position paper 7 see below - Essay Example The action to be taken should be determined by a court of law. Killing without trial is only allowed in incidences self-defense or as a necessity to save more lives. That said target killing of terrorists, in my opinion, is an immediate necessity executed with the aim of saving more lives. Therefore, the United States should be allowed to continue killing terrorist based on their intelligence. The benefit of targeted killing is that, unlike an arrest operation, there are fewer risks. For example, in U.S, targeted killing are mostly executed using an automated drone craft. According to Becker  and  Shane (2012), among the counterterrorism tactic applicable, targeted killing has proved to be the most effective in the prevention of terror attacks. A targeted killing meant to kill a leader of a terrorist organization disrupts terrorist organization’s plans to a point of collapsing. For example, killing the Gaza military commander, Salah Shehadeh, prevented six terror attacks he planned to execute in Israel. Base on the outcome of targeted killing Obama’s regime has embraced the tactic as the most effective approach to eradication Al-Qaeda and Taliban members Afghanistan-Pakistan border. However, United States need make targeted killing acceptable in other countries by justifying the tactic. For instance, United States should not engage enforcement operations in a foreign country without their knowledge. Doing so is a violation of peaceful relations and international norms (Taylor, 2013). The government should come up with a set of norms that support targeted killing but upholds and acknowledge the principles of peace. Additionally, the collateral damage that comes with targeted killing need to be considered. Regardless the fear of an attack plot advancing following delays to counterattack, consideration should be given to damage expected. The government need to form policies that validate all operations

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Case Study Example However a host EJ had a negative incident with a guest and she lost a lot of her belongings and suffered losses. She posted the incident in different networking sites and it soon became viral. The site was late to respond to the problems of EJ and did little to address the issues. Airbnb as a responsible firm should have made sure that the guests that it is referring to the hosts. Moreover even after the complaint was lodged by the host, it did not take initiative to look into the matter. In EJ’s case the site should have contacted the guest and asked for proper explanations. Proper probes that would have provided detailed insights into the matter should have been conducted such that the positions of both the parties can be properly reviewed. The results of the probe would have declared the guilty party and if proved guilty the guest should have been asked to pay for the damage done to the host. In case the host was found guilty defamation charges should have been filed agains t the host. But the site had taken no such initiative till the matter started getting widely publicised. There were repeated complaints regarding the site’s credibility and the firm should have taken initiative to resolve the issues such that it could ensure maximum customer satisfaction. Moreover customer review system is faulty in the case of the site and needs reviewing. The guests who decline requests due to inappropriate customer profiles are penalised by way of low rankings on the site. It also has a very dysfunctional customer service that failed to address the customer issues. On the site’s portal there are various complaints from the customers who have faced difficulty regarding registering their house and also from guests who had repeatedly found their bookings cancelled without any proper justification. The guests have tried to contact the customer care service

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden Essay

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden - Essay Example Gender socialization is the tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Boys are raised to conform to the male gender role, and girls are raised to conform to the female gender role. A gender role is a set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex. Gender socialization is often reinforced by the family, education, work and mass media. The statement in the narrative which exemplifies this concept was through the views of Suzanne Diedrich, a divorced mother. She said, â€Å"It is a rough world for both men and women, but men are supposed to be tough. I want my boys to be tough, like my Daddy was.† From this statement, it is obvious that Ms. Diedrich believed that boys are the â€Å"stronger† sex. Boys are viewed as the ones who are more physically active than girls. Even in our daily lives, we can observe that boys are usually given balls or baseball bats as presents while girls are g iven dolls or kitchen toys.

Slavery And Slave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Slavery And Slave Trade - Essay Example The movie is themed at exploring how brutal the slave regime was, it is evident when Shola witnesses a pregnant woman being beaten to death. The incident changed the way Shola’s perceived slave to be (Gerima, Sankofa). This reflects and explains factors that led to the resistance and uprising that aimed at fighting slave trade. Various factors including introduction of machinery and the industrial revolution where the external factors that facilitated the abolishment of the slave trade. The internal factors included the enlightenment of the African and the increased population of the African Americans who gave the resistance strength and numerical advantages. The two factors prompted the slaves to deploy various means of airing their grievances. The first tactic deployed by the slaves was the formation of vigilante groups. They were aimed at uniting Africans and used cruel means to fight their masters. The groups where well organized and the information and command came from a single source. The source acted as the leadership structure of the vigilantes. The leaders used their influential nature to convince many African slaves to join the movement. This is evident when Shola’s lover who was a filed slave convinced Shola to join the rebellion (Gerima, Sankofa). The movie explains how the rebellions organized themselves. In this case, the field slave acted as the leader of the rebellion. He did communication; it is evident when he directs Shola to poison her white owners.  

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden Essay

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden - Essay Example Gender socialization is the tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Boys are raised to conform to the male gender role, and girls are raised to conform to the female gender role. A gender role is a set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex. Gender socialization is often reinforced by the family, education, work and mass media. The statement in the narrative which exemplifies this concept was through the views of Suzanne Diedrich, a divorced mother. She said, â€Å"It is a rough world for both men and women, but men are supposed to be tough. I want my boys to be tough, like my Daddy was.† From this statement, it is obvious that Ms. Diedrich believed that boys are the â€Å"stronger† sex. Boys are viewed as the ones who are more physically active than girls. Even in our daily lives, we can observe that boys are usually given balls or baseball bats as presents while girls are g iven dolls or kitchen toys.

Interpreting the Phenomenology of Husserl Essay Example for Free

Interpreting the Phenomenology of Husserl Essay Phenomenology, at its very root had tried to provide us an alternative view, perspective and a method in acknowledging and knowing things. At the very core, Phenomenology tried to contrast the scientific disciplines and all other attempts that fell short in providing us a clear and concise knowledge of things. As stated in Husserl’s statement, â€Å"I exclude all sciences relating to this natural world no matter how firmly they stand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Phenomenology is aiming for a new set of method aside from those introduced by sciences and even philosophy in knowing the things and concepts of the outside world. For this to be accomplished, Husserl and many other phenomenologists had tried to exclude the methods of science in their own methods. As stated, â€Å"†¦as it is presented in one of those sciences as a truth about actualities of this world. I must not accept such a proposition. † On this note, sciences are known for their sensual, (perception, auditory etc. ) inductive/deductive and generalizing tendencies of reasoning. Phenomenologists like Husserl undermine these kinds of method in discovering and knowing the objects of the world. Rather than using mere senses, rules of logic and generalization in describing the things and objects of the world, Phenomenologists had embraced a systematic subjective and relative approach in knowing the things and concepts of the world. Husserl argued that things and objects reveal themselves to us. Their characteristics and definitions can be revealed and known to us by experiencing them at its very core. The experience that they are talking about is a rich kind of experience that range from perception, cognition, volition etc. We can know things by experiencing them by their own and there is no need for us to ascribe and subscribe to the classic methods of production of knowledge like those we stated above. The phenomenologists embrace a very clear air of ‘non-judgmentalism’. They make sure that knowing and defining a particular object is not a result of a bias that is influenced by other experiences. The most important thing is to experience each thing by them alone. For Husserl, possessing such kind of mindset will enable the things and objects to reveal their selves to us for us to know and understand them. With this set of statement of Husserl, we can see and feel a great resentment of the classic and conventional way of knowing and defining things. The usual way of producing knowledge had produce numerous shortfalls and shortcomings that convinced Phenomenologists like Husserl to look back and pick their selves from scratch and start a new method that will really able to capture the definition and structure of things. This method of knowing had provided a new life and put back the importance to the subjective person who experiences the things and objects first hand rather than learning or reading it from someone else. Phenomenology of Husserl is a wave and school of thought in philosophy that attempted to rebuild the human experience and make it experience again in the very first place. Though sciences had produced us numerous innovations, we cannot simply deny its shortcomings. In this respect, this statement of Husserl is an attempt to go back there and know things as they are, as they reveals their selves to us. List of References Welton, Donn (1999) The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press [21 August 2010]

Skoda: Business Strategy Analysis

Skoda: Business Strategy Analysis Skoda Company and its business 1.1 Introduction to Skoda Company The two cyclists, who were known as Vaclav Laurin and Vaclav Klement, are considered as the founders of Skoda Company. The two cyclists were used to design and produce their own bicycles and eventually it was established as Skoda. In 1925, Skoda was established in Czechoslovakia and gradually, it was expanded towards Eastern Europe by producing cars, farm ploughs, and aero planes other than bicycles. Skoda has to cope with hard times in company history such as war, economic problems and also the changes in the political environment. While the Skoda is grown up internationally, there was a requirement of a strong foreign partner. By, 1990 Volkswagen AG had dominated by joining Skoda. Volkswagen AG is known as the leading car manufacturer in Europe by manufacturing variety of branded products such as Volkswagen, Skoda, and Audi (Skoda Auto, 2011). The remarkable thing is the Skoda UK is selling Skoda cars through its independent network of certified dealers. 1.2 Business as a transformation process In common, there is an input and output can be clearly identified in a business. Input may consist of working force, entrepreneurship, capital and land. Output may be goods and services. Therefore, the process of transformation is common for all the organizations and most of the time, output can be considered as a combination of goods and services (Oxford University Press 2007). For an example considering the hospitality as a business foods and beverage can be the goods they serve and the lodging may be the service they offer. The critical thing is to be produce outputs which may worth higher than the inputs. In financial terms, it is known as the profit in relation to the organizations which are expecting profits. But, in the case of non profit oriented organizations such as schools and hospitals other indicators are used to measure the progress. Transformation may differ from business wise. The critical thing is to implementing innovative methodologies of value addition for the pro ducts and services while cost cutting (Oxford University Press 2007). Value addition can be done by manufacturing outputs that the customers are ready to pay money more than usual price. Since the brand name may be incorporated with customers lifestyle and preferences, effective branding result in improved sales. For an example, plain pair of shoe can be marketed to a higher price by branding it with brands like Nike or Addidas. Chapter 2 Organizational audit and the business environment 2.1 Organizational Audit Organizational audit is critical for a business to meet the following objectives. To analyze the businesss organizational framework, procedures and flow chart. To investigate the contest between the job descriptions, responsibilities and the flow chart of the business.    To emphasize the unsatisfactory aspects of the current structure of the business. To define development paths for improvement of the business. To satisfy these objectives organizational audit is being done by analysis of existing data, summary reporting, individual interviewing processes and analysis of raw data gathered through the surveys. Organizational audit is crucial for a business to cope with the business environment. 2.2 Business environment It is believed that business transformation process may not occur in a vacuum. Firms are driven in particular frameworks and subjected by the business environment. Business environment can be divided in to two. Micro Macro Micro environment consist of individuals or organizations which the business deal with a regular basis. It may include customers, employees, distributors and suppliers which are known as the stakeholders. That all components may have the direct involvement of the business activities and it can be affected by the actions of the business. Therefore, it can be concluded that micro environment play a vital role in the success and the behavior of a business. The macro environment may consist of factors which are lying outside of the direct control of the business. It includes economy, policies of the government and also the social changes. Since these macro factors can primarily change the environment of a business one individual business can rarely do much on its own to shape them. Theoretically, the macro environment can be analyzed by using PESTEL analysis. (Scott, 1982) Chapter 3 The PESTEL analysis for Skoda Company PESTEL Analysis PEST analysis is the methodology of analyzing the macro environment in most of the countries. But, the expanded PEST model which is known as PESTEL is commonly used in UK (CIPD, 2009). PESTEL is stand for Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal analysis. It describes the outline of macro environment in relation to the business environment. Referring to the political factors, it consists of policies implemented by the government such as the involvement in the economy. It also includes what kind of goods and services to be produced and the priorities in relation to the business support. The political decisions may play a vital role for some businesses which are related to education health and also in the infra structure facilities. Considering the Skoda Company, the changes in laws and regulations such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and legal power of the foreign states may affect on their business especially in the international trade. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the governments policies and regulations in a continuous manner. (Lynch, 1999) Economic factors may include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates as well as the inflation rate. Those are the factors that may have the potential to make effects on operations and decisions. Referring to Skoda, interest rate may affect its  cost of capital. Therefore, it determines the extent of the growth of the business and expansion. Exchange rates may affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods. Social  factors include cultural aspects, health perception, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Changes in social factors influence in the product demand and operation. For example, aging process may generate smaller and less-willing workforce .This may lead to increasing the labour cost. Therefore, referring Skoda to cope with these trends there should be various management strategies to be adopted. For an example, it should be more concerned on age limit of the workers when recruiting new workers. The factors such as rate of technological changes, automation and the technical inducements altogether considered as technological factors. Those factors may influence with the outsourcing decisions, market entry barriers and efficient production level of a company. When considering the Skoda, it is producing branded motor cars. Therefore, technology should be their main focus. Because, it creates opportunities for new products and product improvement in relation to the marketing. As the technology advances, new products may launch. (Scott, 1982) Ecological and environmental aspects such as weather, climate, and climate changes can be considered as environmental factors. Those factors may especially influences industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness of the potential impacts of climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer, both creating new markets and diminishing or demolishing existing ones. Discrimination law,  consumer law,  antitrust law,  employment law, and  health and safety law can be considered as the component of the legal factor. These factors can influence with the operation process, cost of production and the demand for the products. Legal aspect mainly focuses on the effect of the national and world legislation. The Skoda Company receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process. I.e. Audi, Skoda. The PESTEL factors are combined with external micro-environmental factors and internal drivers in relation to the business. Furthermore, it can be explained as opportunities and threats in a  SWOT analysis. Chapter 4 The SWOT analysis for Skoda Company SWOT Analysis SWOT is stand for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths can be described as internal components of a business that lead to its growth. Weaknesses can be identified as the attributes that will make disturbances business or make the business susceptible. The external conditions that could lead to future growth are known as the opportunities in SWOT. Threats are described as the external elements which could make negative effects on a business. (Lynch, 1999) To recognize its strengths, Skoda gathered information through researches from both customers and also from the reliable independent surveys. For an example, annual JD Power customer satisfaction survey had questioned the vehicle owners about their feelings on their vehicle for last six months by using questionnaire for about 20,000 owners. According to the results Skoda dominated in the top five car manufacturers for last 13 years (JD Power 2010). Not only that, in 2007, Top Gears survey revealed that among the 56,000 viewers Skoda dominated as the number one car manufacturer (Top Gear 2007). According to those results, Skoda found that the company excelled at satisfying its customers when focusing the owner experience rather than on sales alone. Almost all of Skodas customers would recommend Skoda branded vehicle to others, means that Skoda had a distinctive strength. As a result, Skoda manufactured cars that their customers could enjoy, rather than simply maximizing the sales. The refore, Skoda branded themselves as a quality product that satisfies its customers. Skodas analysis showed that in order to grow the business required to address issues about how the small company fit into the highly competitive market. An out-dated perception of the Skoda brand, related to the companys Eastern European origins, contributed to the business small size. By 1999, Volkswagen AG ownership had changed this negative attitude about Skoda. But, in 2006 brand Health Check revealed that the weak and neutral image in mid market range is still existing when compare to the Ford, Peugeot and Renault like brands (UK Branding 2006). Though, Skoda still deficient of a strong appeal, it is realized that the company needed to reduce the defensive campaigns exemplifying what the brand was not and begin new campaigns illustrating what Skoda had to offer. The change was simple and Skoda knew that its owners were satisfied with their cars. Skoda had realized that its rivals marketing approaches are mainly focused on the product itself. But in contrast, Skoda tends to focus its attention on emphasizing the owners experience with their cars and the customers satisfaction with Skoda vehicles. This SWOT analysis may lead Skoda to distinguish its product from its competitors. Considering the UK market, there are 50 different car makers selling around 200 vehicle models. To survive in this large and competitive market, Skoda needed to ensure that its message would not be lost or drowned out within the crowded environment. As a result, Skoda had manufactured seven different cars such as city car, luxurious car, and family car addressing different market segments with subsequent levels of pricing. Chapter 5 The planning for a business and implementation a new strategy 5.1 Strategic planning, Tactical planning and Operational planning Depending on the PESTEL and SWOT analysis, the business plan for the business should be created by the management of the business. Planning process can be identified as three phases such as strategic planning, tactical planning and operational planning. Strategic Planning can be considered as a long term planning attempted by senior management of a business. I.e. the executives. It involves making decisions which will work toward reaching an organizations mission and vision statements. Tactical planning it the mid term planning. It may range from months up to about two years. This involves middle management those who plan strategies to achieve a businesss strategic goals. In contrast, operational planning is routine planning handled by front line managers. They may report to middle management and enact the leg work of the strategies developed by middle management to achieve strategic goals. 5.2 Implementation of the new strategy Novel business strategies are designed to improve the overall utility of a business, its employees and increase profitability of the business. But change may be troublemaking and can be costly within its own context as employees deal with new procedures, information technology, products or an organizational matrix. To reduce the cost, disturbances and negative effects of implementing new strategies, it should implement a strategy for implementation. Essentially, a well planned and accomplished implementation plan may lead to reduce confrontation to the changes. The process of implementing a new strategy can be identified as six major steps (Kaplan and Norton 2010). Split the new strategy into smaller portions. Aware the employees about the map of change Create and post a scorecard for the new implementation, helping as a cheerleader to employees throughout the process that success is reasonable step wise. Acquiring the feedback regarding the new strategy at each stage by employee surveys. Request customer satisfaction. Doing the correct adjustments in the new strategy, time scale and goals based on feedback and customer satisfaction. 5.3 Conclusion With the concentrated study of the PESTLE, the Skoda Company will continue to emerge and develop if they manage to find solutions in different challenges that the entire organization might face in the future. Since the external environment is extremely complex and dynamic it is important to conducting the PESTEL in a regular basis. Practically, it may not possible to identify almost all the significant changes in the business environment. But, still they may able to find some of those critical changes through their assumptions and that will lead them to take the correct decision in the future. At present the PESTEL structure is further expanded as STEEPLE and STEEPLED by considering the ethical and demographic factors. Therefore, it may be important to stick to this latest model, because in some businesses those factors considered to be critical. To improve its performance, it may be needed to conduct a brand positioning examination by obtaining market research data from both interna l and external audits, allowing Skoda to conduct a SWOT analysis.   Skodas SWOT analysis may facilitate the company to reveal that customer satisfaction by purchasing their products. Not only that, it also reveals that the brand was no longer seen as a poor, outdated car, the company was able to operate within a position in the market, and that a change in public perception was very important to Skodas ability to expand within a highly competitive market. SWOT analysis makes the raw information which may gathered from a survey in to an order therefore, it may support managers to investigate both internally and externally. Therefore, it may also highlight the key internal weaknesses of a business, and also the strengths what the management should be alert on their business. Depending on the SWOT and PESTEL analysis, it is required to implement a new business strategy. The critical thing is to implement that new business strategy without disrupting the business. Romeo and Juliet | Summary and Analysis Romeo and Juliet | Summary and Analysis The classic story line of star-crossed lovers has been replicated time and time again, but possibly the most renowned version is William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet No matter what version is consulted, whether it be the original script or the movie rendition directed by Baz Luhrmann, this familiar plot of the age-old play ultimately ends in the tragic death of the romantic couple. However, no calamity to this magnitude merely comes about coincidentally. Rather, Romeos character is to blame for his and Juliets untimely death. Literary critic, Douglas Cole writes, â€Å"The sorry spectacle that Romeo, the romantic lover, makes of himselfpoints directly forward to the catastrophe†(108). In his play Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare leads the star-crossed lovers to their ultimate demise through the development of Romeos character traits. His strong emotions and rash impulsiveness result in Romeo and his beloved Juliets tragic death. Consentingly, Romeo must not assume full responsibility of his and Juliets deplorable collapse. However minor a role they may have assumed, other characters such as Juliet herself, Friar Lawrence, and the Nurse played their part in the journey to the final, cataclysmic outcome of the play. Nonetheless, Romeo plays a large role in bringing about his unfortunate downfall. Romeos excessively strong emotions such as rage, despair, and love are contributing factors to his ultimate demise. To begin with, Romeos frequent display of rage and anger throughout the play promotes his untimely death. A clear instance of this severe fury is when, at the end of the play, Romeo takes his anger of Juliets apparent death out on Paris and kills him. This scene takes place long enough after Romeo and Juliet are well on their way to their impending doom so as not to have a direct impact on the outcome. However, it clearly illustrates a detrimental mistake resulting from Romeos excessive anger. Furthermore, even though Romeo fully intended to commit suicide, he could not control his extreme rage at his entire predicament and felt the need to take his feelings out on Paris. A literary critic aptly explains, â€Å"In such conditions men were naturally more excitable and more subject to sudden panic and prevailing moods,†(Granville-Barker and Harrison 165). In this t ime of great stress, Romeo was more prone to behaving in an excessively fervent manor. To illustrate this, Shakespeare did not grant Romeo complete control of his emotions and instilled in him a superfluous amount of anger. Next, Romeos limitless rage is evident in one of the major climaxes of the theater piece. In Act 3, Scene 1, Romeo enters a confrontation with Tybalt, Juliets cousin. Romeo, with Juliet in mind, does everything he can to avoid a fight. Even so, when Mercutio is killed at Tybalts hand, Romeo cannot control his anger and murders Tybalt in an attempt to avenge Mercutios death. With this, it is extremely evident that â€Å"Romeo is weakened by his superfluous amount of emotion. This excess of rage resulted in his killing Tybalt†(Nardo 122). This murderous act directly leads to Romeo and Juliets tragic ending. Upon committing the crime, Romeo receives a sentence of banishment from Verona. Had Romeo refrained from killing Tybalt, and therefore never been exiled from Verona, Juliet may not have found it necessary to drink the potion that would render her dead. Without Juliets false death the romantic couple would not have encountered the disastrous situation that they would soon be f acing. Additionally, Romeos grief for his seemingly dead Juliet causes him to take actions that contribute to his demise. This is evident in the last scene of the play when Romeo commits suicide after seeing Juliet lying as though in death. One Shakespearean critic proclaims, â€Å"When Romeo perceives Juliet to be dead, the grand romantic lovers emotional state deteriorates to the point of suicide†(Cole 108). Romeo was completely and uncontrollably overcome by anguish and mourning. Without his surplus of uncontrolled emotion, he would not have immediately digressed to suicide. This would have given him the time to discover that Juliet was in fact, not dead. In short, the couple would ultimately survive. Furthermore, immediately after receiving the news of Juliets supposed death, Romeo is already overwhelmed by his grief and he instantly speaks his suicidal thoughts: Well, Juliet, I will lie with thee tonight. Lets see for means. O mischief, thou art swift To enter in the thoughts of desperate men! (Rom. 5.1.36-38) With this, Romeo is already plotting ways to take his own life. Had Romeo kept control of his emotions and investigated the matter for himself, he would have discovered soon enough that Juliet was not dead after all. He may even have come in contact with Friar Lawrence who would have been able to dispel the entire plight. Clearly, â€Å"This catastrophe is hastened by Romeo himself who, when he hears the false report of Juliets death, revealsa despair that turns instantly to thoughts of suicideand he perishes miserably†(Cole 108). Obviously Romeos utter grief for the apparent death of his beloved contributes to the unfortunate outcome at the end of the play. Also, Romeos deep and passionate love for Juliet is instrumental to his downfall. Over the entire duration of Romeos relationship with Juliet, he is obviously completely infatuated with her. One instance that shows Romeos undying love for Juliet is when he kills Tybalt. Romeo murders Tybalt while his thoughts are elsewhere, specifically on Juliet. His passion for her is all consuming (McLeish 215). If Romeo were able to set aside his deep passion for Juliet for a small amount of time, he would not have murdered Tybalt and, therefore, he would never have entered into the horrific situation that would lead to his downfall. In addition, perhaps the scene that best demonstrates this undying love is Romeos final act: his suicide. Upon hearing the false rumor that Juliet is dead, Romeo decides to take his own life. Shakespeare clearly reveals Romeos reasoning behind this decision: â€Å"Heres to my love! †¦ Thus I die with a kiss†(Rom.5.3.129-131). With this, Romeo undoubtedly admits that he cannot live without his love and thus is ending his life out of passion for Juliet. It is also evident that Romeo completely loves Juliet even after she is seemingly dead at his feet (Goddard 289). The adoration that Romeo quite obviously feels toward Juliet is so exceptionally intense that he cannot control his emotions enough to think clearly. If Romeo would not have let his love become so alarmingly out of control, he may never have decided on the horrific action that was his self-murder. At the very least, he would have been able to think lucidly and postpone this unnatural self-destruction long enough to be present and, more importantly, alive, when Juliet would awake. This would have inevitably thwarted the romantic couples tragic death. Harold Clarke Goddard concurs, â€Å"in the case of Romeo, love puts him out of loveâ€Å"(16). In other words, Romeos suicide is a result of his endearment towards Juliet, and ending his life negates any possibility of findin g love with her. Shakespeare ingrains in Romeo a passion for Juliet so intense that it eradicates the possibility of love for the romantic couple, and ultimately brings about their tragic end. Finally, the impulsivity of Romeos actions plays a large role in the catastrophic ending. Throughout the entire story, Romeo is constantly carrying out actions that he has clearly yet to think through. Friar Lawrence even provides foreshadowing to the fact that this rashness will prove to bring about dire results when he says â€Å"they stumble that run fast†(Rom.2.3.94). This metaphorically states the rather simple fact that acting impulsively before considering the consequences can only result in complications. One example of Romeos impetuousness is when he makes a quick decision to seek out Juliet in her garden even though it is extremely dangerous. This rash decision could have been disastrous, but because Romeo was fortunate and was not discovered by Juliets father this particular instance left him relatively unscathed. It is noted that William Shakespeare particularly †emphasizes Romeos own impulsiveness†(Nardo 61). This action, though, just marks the beginni ng of a succession of hasty decisions. For example, Romeo decides that he wants to marry Juliet when he has known her for so short a time. Because Romeo decided to wed Juliet so hastily, the duo was met with problems stemming from the suddenness of their becoming a couple. Perhaps if the two had not rushed into what they considered to be their future so quickly, they would have avoided the ensuing issues. Instead, â€Å"Romeo insists upon the marriage, with an untimely haste†(Nardo 122). This ultimately leads to the rapid advancement of the tragic death. Simply because none of their plans were thought through, they were merely acted upon, Romeo and Juliets relationship was doomed to fail. The long chain of hasty mistakes by Romeo does not, by any means, end with his hasty marriage. Rather, Tybalts murder can also be described as rash and impulsive. Although Romeo does seem to consider the consequences of harming his enemy, as soon as Mercutio is killed, he does not so much as pause before he attacks Tybalt. This impulse that Romeo indulges himself in causes a great flood of events leading directly to his demise, which could have all been avoided had he taken the time to think about what he was doing. Indeed, â€Å"[Romeos] whole love affair betrays a cast of mind that isimpatient of cold reason, and this very quality helps to induce the tragic ending†(Nardo 122). Shakespeare urges Romeo to his demise by denying him the use of forethought that would allow him to make rational decisions. This small but significant character trait would have unquestionably been enough to prevent the romantic couple from advancing toward their deaths. Possibly the most consequential act of impulsive behavior on Romeo s part is in the last act of the play. To begin with, Romeo buys poison to kill himself immediately after hearing of Juliets supposed death. He wishes only to end his life at her side and refuses to investigate Juliets â€Å"death†(Nardo 61). Romeo could not take the necessary time to be sure that the rumor of Juliets death was true. Instead he acted on his very first impulse, which was to commit suicide. This resulted in the awful ending that was the romantic couples death, distinctively showing that â€Å"Romeros [tragic flaw] is his impulsive rashness†(Hammersmith 246). Additionally, Romeo did not waste any time in committing the heinous act of suicide after entering the Capulet tomb. Should he have paused for even a brief moment to contemplate what he was about to do, he would have lived long enough to see Juliet awaken from her death-like sleep. Unfortunately, he continued his trend of rash behavior and cut his life short, which in turn would cause Juliet to do the same. Surely, then, Romeos distinct character traits play an important role in his tragic ending. Uncontrolled emotions including rage, grief, and love, as well as a tendency to act on impulses are major contributing factors to this cataclysmic demise. Although Romeo could not have been alone in the creation of this catastrophic ending, he very clearly played the largest role in bringing about his downfall. The romantic lovers did everything in their power to make their love work. In the end, though, Romeo and Juliet could just not survive the harsh realities of their lives and Romeos flawed character traits.